DP Number DP2022-007

Language 日本語のみ

Date March, 2023

Author Ryosuke Nakamura, Hiroki Tanaka, Takayuki Kaneda

JEL Classification codes I21

Keywords mediation analysis; shadow education; indirect effects of SES on children’s achievements

Downloads PDF

Abstract

We estimate the indirect effects of income and parental educational background on children’s achievement through shadow education.

We find that the effect of income on children’s achievements is mediated by the expenditure of shadow education.

The proportions of indirect effect of income to total effect are about 6.8% on math scores and 9.4% on language scores.